SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate postoperative pain and quality of life in patients undergoing median sternotomy. METHODS: A cohort study was carried out on a sample of 30 patients who underwent elective cardiac surgery by longitudinal median sternotomy. Patients were interviewed at Intensive Care Unit discharge and hospital discharge, when the Visual Numeric Scale and the Brief Pain Inventory were applied, and 2 weeks after hospital discharge, when the World Health Organization Quality of Life-Bref questionnaire was administered. The normality of the results was analyzed by the Shapiro-Wilk test, and Wilcoxon Rank Sum and McNemar tests were utilized for the analysis of numerical and categorical variables. For correlation between numerical variables, Spearman's linear correlation test was applied. To compare numerical variables, Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis tests were applied. Differences between groups were considered significant when the p-value was <0.05. RESULTS: Between Intensive Care Unit and hospital discharge, there was a reduction in median pain intensity assessed by the Visual Numeric Scale from 5.0 to 2.0 (p<0.001), as well as in eight Brief Pain Inventory parameters: worst pain intensity in the last 24 h (p=0.001), analgesic relief (p=0.035), and pain felt right now (p=0.009); and in interference in daily activities (p<0.001), mood (p=0.017), ability to walk (p<0.001), relationship with other people (p=0.005), and sleep (p=0.006). Higher pain intensity at Intensive Care Unit discharge was associated with worse performance in the psychological domain of quality of life at out-of-hospital follow-up. CONCLUSION: Proper management of post-sternotomy pain in the Intensive Care Unit may imply better quality of life at out-of-hospital follow-up.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate the effects of deep resection of endometriosis in the posterior pelvic region on urodynamic parameters. Methods: A prospective observational study conducted with female patients diagnosed with deep pelvic endometriosis before and after endometriosis resection surgery. Clinical history, image exams, the Female Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms questionnaire, urodynamic examination, cystometry, and voiding study were evaluated. Results: Patients aged 30–39 years old, operative duration of 132.5 minutes, and 2.7 days of hospital stay. Uroflowmetry and cystometry showed tendency for an increase after the surgery in the flow duration, time to maximum flow, and first voiding desire and decreased residual volume and maximum cystometric capacity. Opening, maximum urinary flow, and maximum flow pressure decreased at T1, and the closing parameters increased, although statistically non significant. The variables decreased at T1 in the urodynamic, except for detrusor overactivity. Although we observed a reasonable number of low bladder compliance and abnormal bladder sensation, the results were maintained at T1. General scores for filling and incontinence showed a significant decrease after surgery. Conclusions: A significant response in the patient’s perception of urinary function was demonstrated after surgery. It is observed that the surgical procedure did not affect the uroflowmetric and cystometric characteristics of the evaluated patients.

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to comparatively analyze sociodemographic data and postoperative parameters of patients undergoing bypass and sleeve surgeries in a private hospital in São Luís, MA. METHODS: The study was descriptive, prospective, observational, and comparative, with a quantitative approach between August 2020 and July 2021. We analyzed 74 participants of both genders, aged between 18 and 70 years, with 31 undergoing Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery and 43 undergoing sleeve gastrectomy surgery. In the postoperative period, sociodemographic characteristics, surgery and anesthesia duration, pain levels, adverse effects, weight loss, and complications from the surgical procedure were analyzed. RESULTS: Males predominated in Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and females in sleeve gastrectomy surgery. Clinical characteristics regarding self-declared ethnicity, age and place of birth, education, and marital status were similar between the studied groups. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass had an average surgery time of 112.14±10.06 min and sleeve gastrectomy 91.11±23.69 min, with a significant difference (p<0.001). Regarding anesthesia time, gastric bypass averaged 160.36±13.99 min and sleeve gastrectomy 154.88±29.10 min, with no statistical difference between groups (p=0.335). Nausea, vomiting, and drowsiness were more common in Sleeve gastrectomy, with no significant difference (p=0.562). Roux-en-Y gastric bypass showed a higher rate of weight loss from 1 month after surgery (14.2±4.15) and more variation in body mass index within 3 months after surgery (32.17±4.76). Complications occurred in a small number of patients. CONCLUSION: The two surgical techniques proved effective in delivering the best results for patients, with the group undergoing bypass showing statistically significant weight loss from 1 month after the surgical procedure.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To demonstrate through a controlled study whether the use of tranexamic acid in bariatric surgeries is effective for bleeding control. Methods: Prospective, comparative, and double-blind study performed with patients from 18 to 65 years old submitted to bariatric surgery. The selected patients received venous tranexamic acid (TXA) during the induction of anesthesia or not (CG). The anesthesia and thromboprophylaxis protocols were similar among the groups. For statistical analysis, the χ2 and analysis of variance tests were performed at a significance level of p < 0.05, using the statistical program SPSS 21.0®. Results: Sixty-one patients were included in the study, 31 in the control group and 30 in the TXA group (GTXA). In the intraoperative period, the bleeding volume was greater in the CG than in the GTXA. In the postoperative period, the tranexamic acid group had a higher value hematocrit, absence of surgical reoperations due to bleeding complications, and shorter hospitalization time than the control group. Conclusions: The use of tranexamic acid was effective in reducing bleeding rates and of hospital stay length, in addition to demonstrating the clinical safety of its use, for not having been associated with any thromboembolic events.

Abstract We report the anesthetic management with combined spinal-epidural in a patient with limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2A, submitted to abdominoplasty and liposuction. The patient had onset of symptoms at 8 years old, diagnosed by muscular biopsy, presenting muscle weakness in the scapular and pelvic girdles, with reduced mobility. We performed monitorization with noninvasive blood pressure, oximeter, thermometer, and electrocardiogram. In the postoperative period, she showed no clinical signs of rhabdomyolysis, myotonia, or adverse effects, maintaining hemodynamic stability. The anesthesia technique allowed spontaneous ventilation, monitoring of clinical parameters close to physiological conditions and used smaller doses of medication, reducing related risks.

Abstract Purpose: To compare the satisfaction levels about the surgery and anesthesia management, and to analyze the postoperative outcomes of patients undergoing Gastric Bypass and Sleeve Gastroplasty surgeries in a private hospital in Sao Luís-MA. Methods: The sample consisted of patients undergoing Bypass and Sleeve bariatric surgeries from August 2018 to August 2019, who were in the range of 18 and 70 years old and had not used drugs or presented cardiac arrhythmias, dilated cardiomyopathy, and conduction disorder heart. Data were collected from the evaluation forms and recorded in a form with closed questions. Results: Most patients were female (Bypass – 56% and Sleeve – 67.4%) and aged between 30 and 39 years old (Bypass – 32% and Sleeve – 55.8%). Information (Bypass – 92% and Sleeve – 86.1%) was the highest satisfaction index found. Sleepiness in the immediate postoperative period (Bypass – 92% and Sleeve – 93%) was the main side effect. There were no postoperative complications in patients between the two types of surgery. Conclusions: Patients submitted to Bypass and Sleeve were completely satisfied with the perioperative management. There was no statistically significant difference when comparing adverse effects between the techniques.

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A anestesia tópica vem ganhando espaço nas operações de catarata, sobretudo após os avanços advindos com a técnica de facoemulsificação. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a eficácia da anestesia tópica associada à sedação para operações de catarata por facoemulsificação. MÉTODO: Estudo prospectivo de 312 pacientes, ASA I e II, com idades entre 41 e 89 anos. Foi realizada a facoemulsificação sob anestesia tópica (cinco minutos antes da operação, por gotejamento com proximetacaína a 0,5%) associada à sedação (midazolam, 1 mg, por via venosa, administrado 15 minutos antes da operação). Alfentanil em bolus de 125 µg por via venosa foi administrado sob demanda. Variáveis como dor no intra-operatório, consumo de alfentanil, efeitos colaterais, tempo de recupe\ração e nível de satisfação do paciente foram analisados. RESULTADOS: No período intra-operatório foram observados oito (2,6%) casos de bradicardia, quatro (1,3%) de edema epitelial, dois (0,65%) de náuseas e duas (0,65%) rupturas de cápsula posterior. No pós-operatório foram observados 15 (4,8%) casos de náuseas, seis (1,9%) casos de tonturas, dois (0,65%) casos de vômitos e um (0,32%) caso de bradicardia. O tempo médio de recuperação pós-operatória foi de 21,77 minutos. O consumo de alfentanil variou entre 125 µg e 1.250 µg, com um consumo médio de 537 µg. Trezentos (96,2%) pacientes classificaram a técnica anestésica como boa e 12 (3,8%) pacientes classificaram como regular. Quarenta e dois pacientes relataram dor em algum momento da operação e quatro (1,3%) pacientes disseram que caso necessitassem realizar um novo procedimento de facoemulsificação não gostariam de ser submetidos à mesma técnica anestésica. CONCLUSÕES: A anestesia tópica com sedação em pacientes submetidos a operações de catarata por facoemulsificação, neste estudo, demonstrou eficácia, fácil aplicação e complicações mínimas.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The use of topical anesthesia in cataract surgeries has been increasing, especially after the development of phacoemulsification. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of topical anesthesia associated with sedation for cataract extraction by phacoemulsification. METHODS: A prospective study was conducted with 312 patients, ASA I and II, ages 41 to 89 years. Phacoemulsification was performed under topical anesthesia (5 minutes before surgery, by dripping 0.5% proximetacaine) associated with sedation (intravenous midazolam, 1 mg, administered 15 minutes before the surgery). Intravenous bolus of alfentanil, 125 µg, were administered under demand. Parameters, such as intraoperative pain, consumption of alfentanil, side effects, recovery time, and level of patient satisfaction were analyzed. RESULTS: In the intraoperative period, 8 (2.6%) cases of bradycardia, 4 (1.3%) of epithelial edema, 2 (0.65%) of nausea, and 2 (0.65%) ruptures of the posterior capsule were observed. In the postoperative period, 15 (4.8%) cases of nausea, 6 (1.9%) cases of dizziness, 2 (0.65%) of vomiting, and 1 (0.32%) case of bradycardia were observed. The mean time of postoperative recovery was 21.77 minutes. Consumption of alfentanil varied from 125 µg to 1250 µg, with a mean consumption of 537 µg. Tree hundred (96.2%) patients classified the technique as good and 12 (3.8%), as regular. Forty-two patients complained of pain sometime during surgery, and 4 (1.3%) patients said that if they needed another phacoemulsification, they would not like to undergo the same anesthetic technique. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, topical anesthesia with sedation of patients undergoing cataract removal by phacoemulsification demonstrated to be effective, easy to apply, and had a very low incidence of complications.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: La anestesia tópica ha venido obteniendo espacio en las operaciones de catarata, principalmente después de los avances provenientes de la técnica de facoemulsificación. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la eficacia de la anestesia tópica asociada a la sedación para operaciones de catarata por facoemulsificación. MÉTODO: Estudio prospectivo de 312 pacientes, ASA I y II, con edades entre 41 y 89 años. Fue realizada la facoemulsificación bajo anestesia tópica (5 minutos antes de la operación, por goteo con proximetacaína a 0,5%) asociada a la sedación (midazolan, 1 mg, por vía venosa, administrado 15 minutos antes de la operación). Alfentanil en bolus de 125 µg por vía venosa fue administrado bajo demanda. Variables como el dolor en el intraoperatorio, consumo de alfentanil, efectos colaterales, tiempo de recuperación y nivel de satisfacción del paciente se analizaron. RESULTADOS: En el período intraoperatorio se observaron 8 (2,6%) casos de bradicardia, 4 (1,3%) de edema epitelial, 2 (0,65%) de náuseas y 2 (0,65%) rupturas de cápsula posterior. En el postoperatorio se observaron 15 (4,8%) casos de náuseas, 6 (1,9%) casos de mareos, 2 (0,65%) casos de vómitos y 1 (0,32%) caso de bradicardia. El tiempo promedio de recuperación post-operatoria fue de 21,77 minutos. El consumo de alfentanil varió entre 125 µg y 1.250 µg, con un consumo promedio de 537 µg. Trescientos (96,2%) pacientes clasificaron la técnica anestésica como buena y 12 (3,8%) pacientes la clasificaron como regular. Cuarenta y de los pacientes relataron dolor en algún momento de la operación y 4 (1,3%) pacientes dijeron que si necesitasen realizar un nuevo procedimiento de facoemulsificación no les gustarían ser sometidos a la misma técnica anestésica. CONCLUSIONES: La anestesia tópica con sedación en pacientes sometidos a operaciones de catarata por facoemulsificación, en este estudio, demostró eficacia, una fácil aplicación y complicaciones mínimas.

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Desde a descoberta de que a cetamina bloqueia os receptores NMDA nos neurônios do corno dorsal da medula, ela tem sido usada para inibir ou reduzir a sensibilização central provocada por estímulos nociceptivos. Assim, este trabalho visa mostrar aspectos farmacológicos da cetamina racêmica e de seu composto levogiro e seu emprego na analgesia preemptiva. CONTEÚDO: São apresentados conceitos atuais sobre analgesia preemptiva, aspectos farmacológicos da cetamina e seu derivado levogiro, bem como estudos experimentais e clínicos sobre a cetamina e seu uso em analgesia preemptiva. CONCLUSÕES: Ainda não está totalmente comprovada a eficácia da cetamina em inibir ou reduzir a sensibilização central provocada por estímulos nociceptivos. Provavelmente isso se deva ao uso de diferentes métodos de estudo e de análise estatística.

BACKAGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Since the finding that ketamine blocks NMDA receptors in the neurons of spinal dorsal horn, it has been used to inhibit or decrease central sensitization triggered by nociceptive stimulations. This study aimed at presenting pharmacological aspects of racemic ketamine and its levogyrous compound, as well as its usefulness for preemptive analgesia. CONTENTS: Current preemptive analgesia concepts, pharmacological aspects of ketamine and its levogyrous compound, as well as experimental and clinical trials on ketamine and its use in preemptive analgesia are presented. CONCLUSIONS: The efficacy of ketamine in inhibiting or decreasing central sensitization triggered by nociceptive stimulations is not totally confirmed, probably due to different study and statistical analysis methods.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: Desde la descubierta de que la cetamina bloquea los receptores NMDA en los neuronios del cuerno dorsal de la médula, ella ha sido usada para inhibir o reducir la sensibilización central provocada por estímulos nociceptivos. Así, este trabajo tiene por finalidad mostrar aspectos farmacológicos de la cetamina racemica y de su compuesto levogiro y su empleo en la analgesia preemptiva. CONTENIDO: Se presentan conceptos actuales sobre analgesia preemptiva, aspectos farmacológicos de la cetamina y su derivado levogiro, bien como estudios experimentales y clínicos sobre la cetamina y su uso en analgesia preemptiva. CONCLUSIONES: Aun no está totalmente comprobada la eficacia de la cetamina en inhibir o reducir la sensibilización central provocada por estímulos nociceptivos. Probablemente eso se deba al uso de diferentes métodos de estudio y de análisis estadística.